Geowissenschaftliche Grundlagen der Planetenforschung – Vulkanite

\(\newcommand{\footnotename}{footnote}\) \(\def \LWRfootnote {1}\) \(\newcommand {\footnote }[2][\LWRfootnote ]{{}^{\mathrm {#1}}}\) \(\newcommand {\footnotemark }[1][\LWRfootnote ]{{}^{\mathrm {#1}}}\) \(\newcommand \ensuremath [1]{#1}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRframebox }[2][]{\fbox {#2}} \newcommand {\framebox }[1][]{\LWRframebox } \) \(\newcommand {\setlength }[2]{}\) \(\newcommand {\addtolength }[2]{}\) \(\newcommand {\setcounter }[2]{}\) \(\newcommand {\addtocounter }[2]{}\) \(\newcommand {\cline }[1]{}\) \(\newcommand {\directlua }[1]{\text {(directlua)}}\) \(\newcommand {\luatexdirectlua }[1]{\text {(directlua)}}\) \(\newcommand {\protect }{}\) \(\def \LWRabsorbnumber #1 {}\) \(\def \LWRabsorbquotenumber "#1 {}\) \(\def \mathchar {\ifnextchar "\LWRabsorbquotenumber \LWRabsorbnumber }\) \(\def \mathcode #1={\mathchar }\) \(\let \delcode \mathcode \) \(\let \delimiter \mathchar \) \(\let \LWRref \ref \) \(\renewcommand {\ref }{\ifstar \LWRref \LWRref }\) \(\newcommand {\intertext 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\(\newcommand \eqqcolon {=\vcentcolon }\) \(\newcommand \Eqqcolon {=\dblcolon }\) \(\newcommand \eqcolon {\mathrel {-}\vcentcolon }\) \(\newcommand \Eqcolon {\mathrel {-}\dblcolon }\) \(\newcommand \colonapprox {\vcentcolon \approx }\) \(\newcommand \Colonapprox {\dblcolon \approx }\) \(\newcommand \colonsim {\vcentcolon \sim }\) \(\newcommand \Colonsim {\dblcolon \sim }\) \(\newcommand {\nuparrow }{\mathrel {\cancel {\uparrow }}}\) \(\newcommand {\ndownarrow }{\mathrel {\cancel {\downarrow }}}\) \(\newcommand {\bigtimes }{\mathop {\Large \times }\limits }\) \(\newcommand {\prescript }[3]{{}^{#1}_{#2}#3}\) \(\newenvironment {lgathered}{\begin {gathered}}{\end {gathered}}\) \(\newenvironment {rgathered}{\begin {gathered}}{\end {gathered}}\) \(\newcommand {\splitfrac }[2]{{}^{#1}_{#2}}\) \(\let \splitdfrac \splitfrac \) \(\newcommand {\LWRoverlaysymbols }[2]{\mathord {\smash {\mathop {#2\strut }\limits ^{\smash {\lower 3ex{#1}}}}\strut }}\) \(\newcommand{\alphaup}{\unicode{x03B1}}\) \(\newcommand{\betaup}{\unicode{x03B2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gammaup}{\unicode{x03B3}}\) \(\newcommand{\digammaup}{\unicode{x03DD}}\) \(\newcommand{\deltaup}{\unicode{x03B4}}\) \(\newcommand{\epsilonup}{\unicode{x03F5}}\) \(\newcommand{\varepsilonup}{\unicode{x03B5}}\) \(\newcommand{\zetaup}{\unicode{x03B6}}\) \(\newcommand{\etaup}{\unicode{x03B7}}\) \(\newcommand{\thetaup}{\unicode{x03B8}}\) \(\newcommand{\varthetaup}{\unicode{x03D1}}\) \(\newcommand{\iotaup}{\unicode{x03B9}}\) \(\newcommand{\kappaup}{\unicode{x03BA}}\) \(\newcommand{\varkappaup}{\unicode{x03F0}}\) \(\newcommand{\lambdaup}{\unicode{x03BB}}\) \(\newcommand{\muup}{\unicode{x03BC}}\) \(\newcommand{\nuup}{\unicode{x03BD}}\) \(\newcommand{\xiup}{\unicode{x03BE}}\) \(\newcommand{\omicronup}{\unicode{x03BF}}\) \(\newcommand{\piup}{\unicode{x03C0}}\) \(\newcommand{\varpiup}{\unicode{x03D6}}\) \(\newcommand{\rhoup}{\unicode{x03C1}}\) \(\newcommand{\varrhoup}{\unicode{x03F1}}\) \(\newcommand{\sigmaup}{\unicode{x03C3}}\) 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\(\newcommand{\Xiup}{\unicode{x039E}}\) \(\newcommand{\Omicronup}{\unicode{x039F}}\) \(\newcommand{\Piup}{\unicode{x03A0}}\) \(\newcommand{\Varpiup}{\unicode{x03D6}}\) \(\newcommand{\Rhoup}{\unicode{x03A1}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sigmaup}{\unicode{x03A3}}\) \(\newcommand{\Tauup}{\unicode{x03A4}}\) \(\newcommand{\Upsilonup}{\unicode{x03A5}}\) \(\newcommand{\Phiup}{\unicode{x03A6}}\) \(\newcommand{\Chiup}{\unicode{x03A7}}\) \(\newcommand{\Psiup}{\unicode{x03A8}}\) \(\newcommand{\Omegaup}{\unicode{x03A9}}\) \(\newcommand{\alphait}{\unicode{x1D6FC}}\) \(\newcommand{\betait}{\unicode{x1D6FD}}\) \(\newcommand{\gammait}{\unicode{x1D6FE}}\) \(\newcommand{\digammait}{\mathit{\unicode{x03DD}}}\) \(\newcommand{\deltait}{\unicode{x1D6FF}}\) \(\newcommand{\epsilonit}{\unicode{x1D716}}\) \(\newcommand{\varepsilonit}{\unicode{x1D700}}\) \(\newcommand{\zetait}{\unicode{x1D701}}\) \(\newcommand{\etait}{\unicode{x1D702}}\) \(\newcommand{\thetait}{\unicode{x1D703}}\) \(\newcommand{\varthetait}{\unicode{x1D717}}\) \(\newcommand{\iotait}{\unicode{x1D704}}\) \(\newcommand{\kappait}{\unicode{x1D705}}\) \(\newcommand{\varkappait}{\unicode{x1D718}}\) \(\newcommand{\lambdait}{\unicode{x1D706}}\) \(\newcommand{\muit}{\unicode{x1D707}}\) \(\newcommand{\nuit}{\unicode{x1D708}}\) \(\newcommand{\xiit}{\unicode{x1D709}}\) \(\newcommand{\omicronit}{\unicode{x1D70A}}\) \(\newcommand{\piit}{\unicode{x1D70B}}\) \(\newcommand{\varpiit}{\unicode{x1D71B}}\) \(\newcommand{\rhoit}{\unicode{x1D70C}}\) \(\newcommand{\varrhoit}{\unicode{x1D71A}}\) \(\newcommand{\sigmait}{\unicode{x1D70E}}\) \(\newcommand{\varsigmait}{\unicode{x1D70D}}\) \(\newcommand{\tauit}{\unicode{x1D70F}}\) \(\newcommand{\upsilonit}{\unicode{x1D710}}\) \(\newcommand{\phiit}{\unicode{x1D719}}\) \(\newcommand{\varphiit}{\unicode{x1D711}}\) \(\newcommand{\chiit}{\unicode{x1D712}}\) \(\newcommand{\psiit}{\unicode{x1D713}}\) \(\newcommand{\omegait}{\unicode{x1D714}}\) \(\newcommand{\Alphait}{\unicode{x1D6E2}}\) \(\newcommand{\Betait}{\unicode{x1D6E3}}\) \(\newcommand{\Gammait}{\unicode{x1D6E4}}\) \(\newcommand{\Digammait}{\mathit{\unicode{x03DC}}}\) \(\newcommand{\Deltait}{\unicode{x1D6E5}}\) \(\newcommand{\Epsilonit}{\unicode{x1D6E6}}\) \(\newcommand{\Zetait}{\unicode{x1D6E7}}\) \(\newcommand{\Etait}{\unicode{x1D6E8}}\) \(\newcommand{\Thetait}{\unicode{x1D6E9}}\) \(\newcommand{\Varthetait}{\unicode{x1D6F3}}\) \(\newcommand{\Iotait}{\unicode{x1D6EA}}\) \(\newcommand{\Kappait}{\unicode{x1D6EB}}\) \(\newcommand{\Lambdait}{\unicode{x1D6EC}}\) \(\newcommand{\Muit}{\unicode{x1D6ED}}\) \(\newcommand{\Nuit}{\unicode{x1D6EE}}\) \(\newcommand{\Xiit}{\unicode{x1D6EF}}\) \(\newcommand{\Omicronit}{\unicode{x1D6F0}}\) \(\newcommand{\Piit}{\unicode{x1D6F1}}\) \(\newcommand{\Rhoit}{\unicode{x1D6F2}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sigmait}{\unicode{x1D6F4}}\) \(\newcommand{\Tauit}{\unicode{x1D6F5}}\) \(\newcommand{\Upsilonit}{\unicode{x1D6F6}}\) \(\newcommand{\Phiit}{\unicode{x1D6F7}}\) \(\newcommand{\Chiit}{\unicode{x1D6F8}}\) \(\newcommand{\Psiit}{\unicode{x1D6F9}}\) \(\newcommand{\Omegait}{\unicode{x1D6FA}}\) \(\let \digammaup \Digammaup \) \(\renewcommand {\digammait }{\mathit {\digammaup }}\) \(\newcommand {\smallin }{\unicode {x220A}}\) \(\newcommand {\smallowns }{\unicode {x220D}}\) \(\newcommand {\notsmallin }{\LWRoverlaysymbols {/}{\unicode {x220A}}}\) \(\newcommand {\notsmallowns }{\LWRoverlaysymbols {/}{\unicode {x220D}}}\) \(\newcommand {\rightangle }{\unicode {x221F}}\) \(\newcommand {\intclockwise }{\unicode {x2231}}\) \(\newcommand {\ointclockwise }{\unicode {x2232}}\) \(\newcommand {\ointctrclockwise }{\unicode {x2233}}\) \(\newcommand {\oiint }{\unicode {x222F}}\) \(\newcommand {\oiiint }{\unicode {x2230}}\) \(\newcommand {\ddag }{\unicode {x2021}}\) \(\newcommand {\P }{\unicode {x00B6}}\) \(\newcommand {\copyright }{\unicode {x00A9}}\) \(\newcommand {\dag }{\unicode {x2020}}\) \(\newcommand {\pounds }{\unicode {x00A3}}\) \(\newcommand {\iddots }{\unicode {x22F0}}\) \(\newcommand {\utimes }{\overline {\times }}\) \(\newcommand {\dtimes }{\underline {\times }}\) \(\newcommand {\udtimes }{\overline {\underline {\times }}}\) \(\newcommand {\leftwave }{\left \{}\) \(\newcommand {\rightwave }{\right \}}\) \(\newcommand {\toprule }[1][]{\hline }\) \(\let \midrule \toprule \) \(\let \bottomrule \toprule \) \(\newcommand {\cmidrule }[2][]{}\) \(\newcommand {\morecmidrules }{}\) \(\newcommand {\specialrule }[3]{\hline }\) \(\newcommand {\addlinespace }[1][]{}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRsubmultirow }[2][]{#2}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRmultirow }[2][]{\LWRsubmultirow }\) \(\newcommand {\multirow }[2][]{\LWRmultirow }\) \(\newcommand {\mrowcell }{}\) \(\newcommand {\mcolrowcell }{}\) \(\newcommand {\STneed }[1]{}\) \( \newcommand {\multicolumn }[3]{#3}\) \(\newcommand {\tothe }[1]{^{#1}}\) \(\newcommand {\raiseto }[2]{{#2}^{#1}}\) \(\newcommand {\ang }[2][]{(\mathrm {#2})\degree }\) \(\newcommand {\num }[2][]{\mathrm {#2}}\) \(\newcommand {\si }[2][]{\mathrm {#2}}\) \(\newcommand {\LWRSI }[2][]{\mathrm {#1\LWRSInumber \,#2}}\) \(\newcommand {\SI }[2][]{\def \LWRSInumber {#2}\LWRSI }\) \(\newcommand {\numlist }[2][]{\mathrm {#2}}\) \(\newcommand {\numrange }[3][]{\mathrm {#2\,\unicode {x2013}\,#3}}\) \(\newcommand {\SIlist }[3][]{\mathrm {#2\,#3}}\) \(\newcommand {\SIrange }[4][]{\mathrm {#2\,#4\,\unicode {x2013}\,#3\,#4}}\) \(\newcommand {\tablenum }[2][]{\mathrm {#2}}\) \(\newcommand {\ampere }{\mathrm {A}}\) \(\newcommand {\candela }{\mathrm {cd}}\) \(\newcommand {\kelvin }{\mathrm {K}}\) \(\newcommand {\kilogram }{\mathrm {kg}}\) \(\newcommand {\metre }{\mathrm {m}}\) \(\newcommand {\mole }{\mathrm {mol}}\) \(\newcommand {\second }{\mathrm {s}}\) \(\newcommand {\becquerel }{\mathrm {Bq}}\) \(\newcommand {\degreeCelsius }{\unicode {x2103}}\) \(\newcommand {\coulomb }{\mathrm {C}}\) \(\newcommand {\farad }{\mathrm {F}}\) \(\newcommand {\gray }{\mathrm {Gy}}\) \(\newcommand {\hertz 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{y}}\) \(\newcommand {\zepto }{\mathrm {z}}\) \(\newcommand {\atto }{\mathrm {a}}\) \(\newcommand {\femto }{\mathrm {f}}\) \(\newcommand {\pico }{\mathrm {p}}\) \(\newcommand {\nano }{\mathrm {n}}\) \(\newcommand {\micro }{\mathrm {\unicode {x00B5}}}\) \(\newcommand {\milli }{\mathrm {m}}\) \(\newcommand {\centi }{\mathrm {c}}\) \(\newcommand {\deci }{\mathrm {d}}\) \(\newcommand {\deca }{\mathrm {da}}\) \(\newcommand {\hecto }{\mathrm {h}}\) \(\newcommand {\kilo }{\mathrm {k}}\) \(\newcommand {\mega }{\mathrm {M}}\) \(\newcommand {\giga }{\mathrm {G}}\) \(\newcommand {\tera }{\mathrm {T}}\) \(\newcommand {\peta }{\mathrm {P}}\) \(\newcommand {\exa }{\mathrm {E}}\) \(\newcommand {\zetta }{\mathrm {Z}}\) \(\newcommand {\yotta }{\mathrm {Y}}\) \(\newcommand {\percent }{\mathrm {\%}}\) \(\newcommand {\meter }{\mathrm {m}}\) \(\newcommand {\metre }{\mathrm {m}}\) \(\newcommand {\gram }{\mathrm {g}}\) \(\newcommand {\kg }{\kilo \gram }\) \(\newcommand {\of }[1]{_{\mathrm {#1}}}\) 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}{\milli \second }\) \(\newcommand {\s }{\second }\) \(\newcommand {\fmol }{\femto \mol }\) \(\newcommand {\pmol }{\pico \mol }\) \(\newcommand {\nmol }{\nano \mol }\) \(\newcommand {\umol }{\micro \mol }\) \(\newcommand {\mmol }{\milli \mol }\) \(\newcommand {\mol }{\mol }\) \(\newcommand {\kmol }{\kilo \mol }\) \(\newcommand {\pA }{\pico \ampere }\) \(\newcommand {\nA }{\nano \ampere }\) \(\newcommand {\uA }{\micro \ampere }\) \(\newcommand {\mA }{\milli \ampere }\) \(\newcommand {\A }{\ampere }\) \(\newcommand {\kA }{\kilo \ampere }\) \(\newcommand {\ul }{\micro \litre }\) \(\newcommand {\ml }{\milli \litre }\) \(\newcommand {\l }{\litre }\) \(\newcommand {\hl }{\hecto \litre }\) \(\newcommand {\uL }{\micro \liter }\) \(\newcommand {\mL }{\milli \liter }\) \(\newcommand {\L }{\liter }\) \(\newcommand {\hL }{\hecto \liter }\) \(\newcommand {\mHz }{\milli \hertz }\) \(\newcommand {\Hz }{\hertz }\) \(\newcommand {\kHz }{\kilo \hertz }\) \(\newcommand {\MHz }{\mega \hertz }\) 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